Plotino (s. III) ha dedicado dos Enéadas a la enseñanza sobre la belleza: Enéada 1, 6 (1) -"Sobre lo bello"- y Enéada V 8 (31) -"Sobre la belleza inteligible"-. El fin del trabajo es mostrar los diferentes aspectos que el filósofo neoplatónico manifiesta en relación con la experiencia de lo kalokagathós, en tres diversos planos: la percepción estética, la intuición de actividades bellas y la contemplación de lo bello que se abre hacia el Bien/Uno. Se anotan asimismo las diferencias con (...) Platón y algunas distinciones con las interpretaciones sobre lo bello esbozadas por algunos estudiosos contemporáneos. (shrink)

Freud proposes that in unconscious processing, logical connections are also (heavily) based upon phonological similarities. Repressed concerns, for example, would also be expressed by way of phonologic ambiguity. In order to investigate a possible unconscious influence of phonological similarity, 31 participants were submitted to a tachistoscopic subliminal priming experiment, with prime and target presented at 1ms. In the experimental condition, the prime and one of the 2 targets were phonological reversed forms of each other, though graphemically dissimilar (e.g., “nice” and (...) “sign”); in the control condition the targets were pseudo-randomly attributed to primes to which they don’t belong. The experimental task was to “blindly” pick the choice most similar to the prime. ERPs were measured with a focus on the N320, which is known to react selectively to phonological mismatch in supraliminal visual word presentations. The N320 amplitude-effects at the electrodes on the midline and at the left of the brain significantly predicted the participants’ net behavioral choices more than half a second later, while their subjective experience is one of arbitrariness. Moreover, the social desirability score (SDS) significantly correlates with both the behavioral and the N320 brain responses of the participants. It is proposed that in participants with low SDS the phonological target induces an expected reduction of N320 and this increases their probability to pick this target. In contrast, high defensive participants have a perplexed brain reaction upon the phonological target, with a negatively peaking N320 as compared to control and this leads them to avoid this target more often. Social desirability, which is understood as reflecting defensiveness, might also manifest itself as a defense against the (energy-consuming) ambiguity of language. The specificity of this study is that all of this is happening totally out of awareness and at the level of very elementary linguistic distinctions. (shrink)

Les seules preuves philosophiques de l’existence des substances séparées qui répondent aux exigences épistémologiques de Thomas sont des arguments aristotéliciens dont les conclusions, basées sur des prémisses d’une astronomie et une physique obsolètes, sont inacceptables. Thomas prit des distances à leur égard et, laissé sans alternative philosophique, proposa une série d’arguments théologiques dont la cohérence et valeur logique sont mis en question. Puisqu’il n’y a pas de preuve philosophique de l’existence des substances séparées, leur notion devrait être exclue du discours (...) philosophique. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Logic and epistemology The eternity of the world Human happiness.

En este artículo buscamos contextualizar la situación actual de la divulgación de la filosofía en México e identificar problemas que consideramos más importantes de atender en la actualidad. Para enfrentarlos sostenemos dos tesis. La primera, que no toda reflexión filosófica es divulgable. Segunda, que hay que ser estratégicos en el uso de la palabra filosofía. Como corolario a estas tesis, sostendremos que favorece la comunicación de la filosofía su adecuación a los referentes culturales en el que se mueven las diferentes (...) audiencias, así como el reconocimiento de los prejuicios que estas puedan tener en relación con la reflexión filosófica. (shrink)

En este artículo buscamos contextualizar la situación actual de la divulgación de la filosofía en México e identificar problemas que consideramos más importantes de atender en la actualidad. Para enfrentarlos sostenemos dos tesis. La primera, que no toda reflexión filosófica es divulgable. Segunda, que hay que ser estratégicos en el uso de la palabra filosofía. Como corolario a estas tesis, sostendremos que favorece la comunicación de la filosofía su adecuación a los referentes culturales en el que se mueven las diferentes (...) audiencias, así como el reconocimiento de los prejuicios que estas puedan tener en relación con la reflexión filosófica. (shrink)

Primary and secondary processes are the foundational axes of the Freudian mental apparatus: one horizontally as a tendency to associate, the primary process, and one vertically as the ability for perspective taking, the secondary process. Primary process mentation is not only supposed to be dominant in the unconscious but also, for example, in dreams. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mental activity during REM-sleep has more characteristics of the primary process, while during non-REM-sleep more secondary process operations take (...) place. Because the solving of a rebus requires the ability to non-contexually condensate the literal reading of single stimuli into a new one, rebus solving is a primary process operation by excellence. In a replication of the dream-rebus study of Shevrin and Fisher (1967), a rebus, which consisted of an image of a comb (German: “Kamm”) and an image of a raft (German: “Floß”), resulting in the German rebus word “kampflos” (Engl.: without a struggle), was flashed subliminally (at 1 ms) to 20 participants before going to sleep. Upon consecutive awakenings participants were asked for a dream report, free associations and an image description. Based on objective association norms, there were significantly more conceptual associations referring to Kamm and Floß indexing secondary process mentation when subjects were awakened from non-REM sleep as compared to REM-awakenings. There were not significantly more rebus associations referring to kampflos indexing primary process mentation when awakened from REM-sleep as compared to non-REM awakenings. However, when the associations were scored on the basis of each subject’s individual norms, there was a rebus effect with more idiosyncratic rebus associations in awakenings after REM than after non-REM-sleep. Our results support the general idea that REM-sleep is characterized by primary process thinking, while non-REM-sleep mentation follows the rules of the secondary process. (shrink)

Evaluating the current locus equation under ideal conditions identifies important and unexpected parameter dependencies. Locus equation (LE) utility, either as a valid laboratory tool or possible invariant cue, depends on stringent specification of critical parameters and rigorous empirical testing.

The "antecedents, continuity and projections" of Neoplatonism are revised, priming the individual and communitary intertextuality, as the medium of study most valid for a train of thought that gives priority to the doctrinal body rather than to the individual. In this way are seen the diverse neoplatonic systems (Greek, Byzantine, Gnostic...) although it is also noted that, when this doctrinal aspect is weakened, Neoplatonism may externally influence the doctrines and philosophical authors who are very different from its spirit (Christians, Jews, (...) Islamic, renaissentists, modern and contemporary). (shrink)

In this paper a tentative neurophysiologically framed approach of the Freudian unconscious that would function on the basis of linguistic (phonological) organizing principles, is proposed. A series of arguments, coming from different fields, are taken together. First, clinical reports indicate that in a state of high emotional arousal linguistic fragments are treated in a decontextualized way, and can lead to the isolation of phoneme sequences which, independently of their actual meaning, are able to resort emotional effects. Second, phonological and neurophysiological (...) arguments are given to make the case that language processing – be it producing, receiving or imagining language – is a motor event. A crucial distinction is proposed: while contextualized processing correlates on a neurophysiological level with action understanding, and is psychoanalytically akin to secondary processing, decontextualized language processing has a neurophysiological counterpart in object understanding and is psychoanalytically akin to primary processing. Third, isolated speech fragments are therefore considered as objects which, similarly to non-linguistic objects, undergo emotional conditioning and establish an idiosyncratic linguistically structured emotional memory. Phoneme sequences which in this way come to carry high emotional valences are thought to be more readily subject to threaten the bodily integrity, and therefore more readily inhibited. When this inhibition leads to the prevention of effective realization of the voluntary motor output, this is thought to result in the sustained high levels of neuronal activation which seek for release by attracting substitutes that are phonemically similar to the censored speech fragments though they are cognitively non threatening. As a result, the speech of the subject would be particularly concerned with the verbalizations of these substitutive phoneme sequences. In summary, the Freudian unconscious is conceived as the instantiation of a linguistic action space which would be idiosyncratically organized by particular phonemic “phantoms” operating as attractors for the subject’s (linguistic) actions. (shrink)

El artículo examina la importancia que ha tenido para los miembros de la Escuela de Chartres y especialmente para la concepción cosmológica, antropológica y estética de Bernardo Silvestre, la lectura directa del Asclepio hermético. Para llegar a este resultado se expone la historia de las relaciones entre el Asclepio latino y el pensamiento cristiano desde el siglo II al XII y se demuestra el interés que adquieren para entender estas relaciones los escritos hermético gnósticos del Códice VI de la biblioteca (...) copta de Nag Hammadi. (shrink)

En este artículo se examinan los fragmentos de moderato de Cádiz que se nos han conservado y se exponen sus aportaciones platónicas y pitagóricas que anticipan el desarrollo del neoplatonismo. Se analizan su concepción filosófica, con los distintos niveles de realidad y teoría de la materia y forma, y sus doctrinas sobre el número.

Que la théorie de la « double vérité » n'a jamais été soutenue par les aristotéliciens radicaux du moyen âge est une certitude déjà acquise par les historiens. Le terme même d' « averroïstes » par lequel on les identifiait a été sérieusement mis en cause. Pourtant, il est évident que les maîtres és arts de Paris, dans la deuxième moitié du XIIIe siécle, ont éprouvé des difficultés considérables à mettre en harmonie les vérités de foi et les conclusions du (...) raisonnement philosophique. Comment se posait ce conflit et quelle voie de réconciliation ont-ils cherchée? Deux ouvrages récents nous donnent l'occasion de reprendre ce problème qui a fait déjà couler beaucoup d'encre dans l'historiographie du XXe siècle. Il s'agit de la monographie monumentale de M. Van Steenberghen sur Siger de Brabant et l'étude fondamentale de M.R. Hissette sur la condamnation de 1277. (shrink)

Plotinus –IIIth Century– have devoted two Enneads to the teaching about the Beauty: Ennead I,8 (1) – «On Beauty»– and Ennead V,8 (31) –«On the Intelligible Beauty»–. The purpose of the paper is to establish the different aspects that the Neoplatonic philosopher states in relation with the kalokagathós on three diverse levels: the aesthetic perception, the intuition of beautiful activities and the contemplation of the Beautiful that it is displayed to the Good/One. It is commented also the differences with Plato (...) and some distinctions with the interpretations in regard to the Beautiful that have been outlined by some contemporary scholars and writings. (shrink)

Healthcare professionals often face ethical conflicts and challenges related to decision-making that have necessitated consideration of the use of conscientious objection (CO). No current guidelines exist within Spain’s healthcare system regarding acceptable rationales for CO, the appropriate application of CO, or practical means to support healthcare professionals who wish to become conscientious objectors. As such, a procedural framework is needed that not only assures the appropriate use of CO by healthcare professionals but also demonstrates its ethical validity, legislative compliance through (...) protection of moral freedoms and patients’ rights to receive health care. Our proposal consists of prerequisites of eligibility for CO (individual reference, specific clinical context, ethical justification, assurance of non-discrimination, professional consistency, attitude of mutual respect, assurance of patient rights and safety) and a procedural process (notification and preparation, documentation and confidentiality, evaluation of prerequisites, non-abandonment, transparency, allowance for unforeseen objection, compensatory responsibilities, access to guidance and/or consultative advice, and organizational guarantee of professional substitution). We illustrate the real-world utility of the proposed framework through a case discussion in which our guidelines are applied. (shrink)

This paper offers an analysis of the analogies between the physical and the political body during the Sixteenth and the Seventeenth centuries. Focusing on a meaningful pattern of medical, legal and political treatises, this study aims to outline the deep roots of an organic image of the human society widespread until the Englightenment and the crisis of the Old Regime.